History Of Acute Respiratory Infection Research Articles

Socio-demographics, dietary diversity score, and nutritional status of children aged 2–5 years: A cross-sectional study of Indonesian coastal areas

BackgroundClimate change has negatively impacted both food security and food diversity, including malnutrition (stunting, wasting, and underweight), especially among children in coastal areas. The dietary diversity score (DDS) is a good indicator used to assess the quality of food for children. This study aimed to investigate the association between socio-demographic characteristics, DDS, and nutritional status in children aged 2–5 years in the coastal area of Demak, Indonesia. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted on 130 households with children aged 2–5 years living in the coastal area of Demak from April to July 2022. The socio-demographic characteristics were determined by interviewing the mother or child caregiver, followed by anthropometric measurements of the children. The DSS was calculated based on the 24-h food recall method. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, and Chi-square were used for statistical analysis. ResultsThe mean age of the subjects was 3.11 ± 0.93 years (girl 46.9% and boy 53.1%). Maternal education was significantly associated with children's DDS (P = 0.016). There was a significant association between the history of acute respiratory infection (ARI) and nutritional status based on HAZ (P = 0.023), and there was also a significant association between exclusive breastfeeding history and family type with nutritional status based on WHZ (P < 0.05). ConclusionThe study indicated a significant association between socio-demographic factors (mother's education, ARI history, exclusive breastfeeding history, and family type) with DDS and children's nutritional status in Demak.

Relationship of Exclusive Breastfeeding with History of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in Children in Benha University

Relationship of Exclusive Breastfeeding with History of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in Children in Benha University

Bilateral chronic suppurative otitis media in pediatric patients

Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the middle ear characterized by perforation of the tympanic membrane with recurrent or persistent mucopurulent otorrhoea. Otorrhea is the most common complaint of CSOM compared to hearing loss and otalgia. The risk factors for CSOM include allergies, history of acute respiratory infection (ARI), history of AOM, impaired tubal function, and socioeconomic environment. In principle, the diagnosis of CSOM is based on anamnesis and physical examination assisted by supporting examinations. The history generally shows a history of persistent or recurrent otorrhea for more than 2 months. CSOM consists of two types, namely the benign type and the malignant type, which can be distinguished from the presence or absence of cholesteatoma. Treatment of the malignant type of CSOM is surgery to eradicate cholesteatoma. Here we reported a case report of a 16-years old male patient with a chief complaint of discharge from both ears from 8 years ago. The patient was diagnosed as bilateral malignant type of CSOM with predisposing factors of poor socioeconomic and nutrition. The patient underwent left ear radical mastoidectomy under general anesthesia with good results at the follow-up visit and was planned to undergo radical mastoidectomy on the right ear.

CORRELATION OF SEVERAL FACTORS WITH STUNTING INCIDENCE IN CHILDREN UNDER FIVE

Stunting is a problem in nutritional status that causes growth disturbances so that toddlers are shorter in age. This study aims to determine the relationship of several factors with events stunting in toddlers at the Kalibaru Health Center in Bekasi in 2022. This research is a quantitative research study with a design approach case control. The population in this study were toddlers stunting and not-stunting aged 12-59 months at the Kalibaru Health Center in Bekasi. The number of samples was 96 under fives which were determined using simple random sampling technique. This study uses primary data and secondary data. Data analysis used in this study was univariate analysis and bivariate analysis using Chi Square test. The results of univariate analysis were 19 (19.8%) low birth weight, 24 (25%) history of diarrheal disease, 14 (14.6%) history of acute respiratory infection, 42 (44.8%) breastfeeding were not exclusive, 18 (18.8%) were born prematurely and 33 (34.4%) were not given colostrum. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there was a relationship between the incidence of stunting and birth weight, history of diarrheal disease, exclusive breastfeeding and premature birth (p value &lt; 0,05). Researchers advise the health center to provide more information about stunting prevention.

Effect of Overcrowding on Childhood Hospital Admissions for Acute Respiratory Infection: A Matched Case–Control Study

Objective: To determine the association between in-house overcrowding and acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in children. Methods: This case-control hospital-based study wad conducted in Saidu Teaching hospital from March-2022 to December-2022. For cases we included 80 patients of age 6 to 59 months, who presented with newly diagnosed or relapsed cases of ARI. Controls were age and gender matched individuals who presented to outdoor hospital department for non-ARI evaluation and had no history of ARI since past 2 months. The in-house crowding was defined as &gt;3 persons living in one bedroom in a home. Results: Mean age in this study was 18.3±8.9 months in ARI group and 19.7±7.8 months in control group (p-value 0.41). There were higher number of patients belonging to poor class in ARI group; 36 (45%) versus 21 (26.2%) in controls, 26 (32.5%) patients in ARI and 31 (38.7%) patients in controls were belonging to middle class, 18 (22.5%) patients in ARI and 28 (35.0%) patients in control group were belonging to upper class (p-value 0.03). Majority of patients in ARI group were from rural areas; 53 (66.3%) in ARI and 37 (46.3%) in control group (p-value 0.01). In-house overcrowding was found in 19 (20%) patients in ARI group and in only 9 (11.3%) patients in control group (p-value 0.03). Conclusion: In-house crowding is significantly associated with increased risk of ARI. The issue of overcrowding in rural regions is more serious than in cities. For Pakistani populations, the problem of overcrowded housing needs to be addressed. Keywords: In-house overcrowding, Acute respiratory infections, Rural living, socio-economic status.

Determinants of stunting in children under five years old in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi Province: 2013 and 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey.

The prevalence of stunting in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi Province is relatively high. Studies reveal various household, parental, and child factors are associated with stunting. This paper aimed to determine the determinants of stunting among children under five in South and West Sulawesi Province using the 2013 and 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Survey. This study was a secondary data analysis using the 2013 and 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Surveys. The unit of analysis was children under five years, and the study obtained 3641 and 4423 children in South Sulawesi Province from the 2013 and 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Survey, respectively, and 804 and 1059 children from the 2013 and 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Survey in West Sulawesi Province, respectively. The multivariable poisson regression model was conducted to determine the determinants of stunting. The results showed that the mean age of children in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi Province was 31.1 months and 30.8 months, respectively, on 2013 survey compare to 29.6 months and 29.1 months on the 2018 survey. The determinants of stunting in children under five in South Sulawesi Province in 2013 survey were household with two children under five (APR:1.24; 95% CI: 1.1-1.3; p-value = 0.006), maternal BMI (APR: 1.1; 95% CI: 1.03-1.1; p-value = <0.001), maternal weight (APR: 0.9; 95% CI: 0.94-0.97; p-value = <0.001), children aged 12-23 months (APR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.7-2.7; p-value = <0.001), children aged 24-59 months (APR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.8-2.7; p-value = <0.001), birthweight (APR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.5-2.5; p-value = <0.001). In the 2018 survey, the determinants were maternal weight (APR: 0.9; 95% CI: 0.98-0.99; p-value = 0.005), mothers with no education or with education in primary school (APR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.3-1.9; p-value = <0.001), mothers with education in middle school (APR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1-1.6; p-value = 0.014), mothers with a height less than 151 cm (APR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.5-3.1; p-value = <0.001), mothers with a height of 151-160 cm (APR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1-1.6; p-value = 0.014), children aged 12-23 months (APR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.7-2.8; p-value = <0.001), children aged 24-59 months (APR: 2.5; 95% CI: 2.0-3.2; p-value = <0.001)., birthweight (APR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.2-1.9; p-value = <0.001). The determinants of stunting in children under five in West Sulawesi Province in 2013 survey were children under five years living in poor households (APR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1-3.3; p-value = 0.021), children under five who lived in a household with three or more children under five (APR:1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.7; p-value = 0.002), children aged 12-23 months (APR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.6; p-value = 0.006), children aged 24-59 months (APR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-2.7; p-value = 0.001). On the 2018 survey, the determinants were maternal BMI (APR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.03; p-value = 0.004), maternal weight (APR: 0.9; 95% CI: 0.95-0.98; p-value = <0.001), mothers with no education or with education in primary school (APR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-2.7; p-value = 0.001), mothers with education in middle school (APR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-2.7; p-value = 0.001), mothers with education in high school (APR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.6; p-value = 0.004), children aged 12-23 months (APR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.4-3.0; p-value = <0.001), children aged 24-59 months (APR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.9-3.6; p-value = <0.001), male (APR: 1.2; 95% CI: 1.01-1.4; p-value = 0.035), and acute respiratory infection (ARI) (APR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.04-2.5; p-value = 0.030). The determinants of stunting in children under five in South Sulawesi Province are number of children under five in the household, maternal education, maternal weight, maternal height, maternal BMI, child's age, and birthweight. Meanwhile, the determinants of stunting in children under five in West Sulawesi were wealth, maternal education, maternal weight, maternal BMI,, child's age, child's sex, and history of acute respiratory infection. Hence, intervention on household and child levels as well as maternal sociodemographic factors need to be addressed.

Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Underweight pada Anak Usia 6-23 Bulan di Pagedangan Kabupaten Tangerang

Underweight is a crucial indicator of malnutrition in children and has long-term effects such as physical health problems, behavioral problems, and low educational achievement. Objective. This study aimed to assess associated factors of underweight among children aged 6-23 months in Pagedangan, Tangerang District. Method. This study uses a cross-sectional design used to conduct this study. Anthropometric measurements and questionnaire interviews were carried out for data collection. Data were analyzed using univariate and chi-square tests. Result. This study showed that the proportion of underweight was 18.0%. Of 150 children aged 6-23 months, 8% were born with low birth weight, 44.0% had a history of acute respiratory infection,  32.0% had a deficit of energy, 32.7% had a deficit of fat, 39.3% had a deficit of carbohydrate, and 53.3% had a deficit of protein. Energy intake (OR 3.021, 95% CI 1.288-7.087), carbohydrate intake (OR 3,279, 95% CI 1.380-7,790), and history of acute respiratory infection (OR 3.125, 95% CI 1.298-7.522) were significantly associated with underweight. Conclusion. The proportion of underweight children aged 6-23 months in the Pagedangan sub-district is higher than the national prevalence. Energy intake, carbohydrate intake, and history of acute respiratory infection were risk factors of underweight children aged 6-23 months in the Pagedangan sub-district

Determinants of wasting among children aged 6–59 months in North-East Ethiopia: a community-based case-control study

ObjectiveChildhood acute malnutrition, in the form of wasting defined by Weight-for-Height Z-Scores, is a major public health concern. It is one of the main reasons for the death of children...

Bilateral Acute Iris Transillumination

Bilateral Acute Iris Transillumination is a rare entity characterized by pigment dispersion, raised intraocular pressure and sluggish pupils. It usually follows systemic infections. A mid aged female presented with photophobia, visual blurring and ocular pain. Bilateral ocular examination revealed patchy loss of iris pigment epithelium, pupillary atrophy, and persistent mydriasis and raised intra ocular pressure. She had history of acute respiratory infection treated with oral moxifloxacin one month before onset of her ocular discomfort. Her ocular symptoms were managed with topical pressure lowering drugs and steroids which improved over a period of 6 to 9 weeks, however, pupils remained slightly dilated.

Association between the Use of Biomass as Fuel for Cooking and Acute Respiratory Infections in Children under 5 Years of Age in Peru: An Analysis of a Population-Based Survey, 2019.

Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are the most frequent respiratory diseases associated with the use of biomass as fuel within the home. ARIs are the main cause of mortality in children under 5 years of age. We aimed to evaluate the association between the use of biomass as cooking fuel and ARI in children under 5 years of age in Peru in 2019. Methods A secondary data analysis of the 2019 Peru Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) has been performed. The outcome variable was a history of ARI. The exposure variable was the use of biomass as fuel for cooking food. To evaluate the association of interest, generalized linear models from the Poisson family with logarithmic link function considering complex sampling to estimate crude prevalence ratio (cPR) and adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals have been performed. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results A total of 16,043 children were included in the analysis. Of the total, biomass was used as fuel to cook food in the homes of 3,479 (20.0%) children. Likewise, 2,185 (14.3%) of the children had a history of ARI. In the adjusted model, it was found that children living in homes in which biomass was used as cooking fuel had a greater probability of presenting ARI (aPR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.01–1.28). Conclusions It has been found that biomass was used to cook food in two of every 10 households. Likewise, almost one-seventh of children under 5 years old presented an ARI. The use of biomass as a source of energy for cooking in the home was associated with a higher probability of presenting ARIs.

Relationship of Exclusive Breastfeeding with History of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in Children Aged 0-24 Months in Siwalima Village in November 2021

Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a respiratory infection that affect both upper or lower respiratory tracts.  The virus or bacteria causes ARI which lasts for 14 days. Indonesia had the highest mortality rate for ARI, in 2008 around 36.4% children infected; in 2009 around 32.1%; in 2010 around 18.2%; and in 2011 around 38.8%. The prevalence of ARI in Siwalima Health Center around 3240 children in 2020. Breastfeeding has huge benefit for both moms and babies. The prevalence of breastfeeding in Indonesia is 66.1%, but there are two provinces, West Papua (34%) and Maluku (37.2%) that have not reach the target yet. The purpose of this study is to find out if there is a correlation between Exclusive breastfeeding with history of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in children in November 2021 in Siwalima Village, Aru Island, Maluku. This study uses observational analytical research methods, and cross- sectional design. The subject of this study are children age 0 - 24 months and lived in Siwalima Village. The sample of this study is using total sampling technic and there are 186 respondents. Questioners with yes or no answer are using in this study. The result of Spearman test showed that there was a correlation between Exclusive breastfeeding with history of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in children in November 2021 in Siwalima Village, Aru Island, Maluku with a p value 0.01 &lt; a = 0.000. There are 84 respondent (45.2%) had ARI and 102 respondent (34.8%) didn’t, also 91 respondents (48.9%) didn’t receive exclusive breastfeeding and 95 respondent receive exclusive breastfeeding. With this study, it is hoped that exclusive breastfeeding can be increased, especially for children aged 0 – 6 months in order to prevent infection.

Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media Characteristic in Secondary Hospital in Yogyakarta

BACKGROUND: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is the most common ear infection that causes hearing loss and affects the quality of life worldwide. AIM: The study aimed to describe the risk factor of CSOM patients at a private hospital in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, from March to June 2021. METHODS: This study was an observational analytical study with a case–control design. The respondents were 55 patients with CSOM who met inclusion criteria and 56 respondents as controls. A checklist interview was conducted to determine the present and past history of diseases, and the relationship among potential risk factors was analyzed using bivariate analysis. A bivariate analysis was used to specify the odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and the relationship between risk factors and the incidence of CSMO. RESULTS: The characteristic cases were as follows: Majority age over 20 years, 56% male, 47% university degree, 29% history of allergy, 25% history of acute respiratory infection, 56% complain of discharge from the ear, 31% snoring, 67% cigarette consumption, 42% earn 2–5 million rupiahs per month, and 73% of their homes are closed to health-care facilities. Four risk factors for CSOM omit this included: Education, medical history from the ear, snoring, and income per month (p &lt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: According to the results, the majority of CSOM patients to be treated at a private clinic in Yogyakarta were male at productive age, had university education, had no history of allergies and acute respiratory infections, and had a history of secrete from the ear, exposure to cigarettes, and median income per month.

Meta-Analysis: Relationship of History of Acute Respiratory Infections and Low Birth Weight with Stunting in Toddlers

     Basic Health Research (2018) and National Socio-Economic Survey (2019) showed a high incidence of stunting in Indonesia. History of acute respiratory infection (ARI) and low birth weight (LBW) were studied as factors associated with stunting in under-five children. The research’s objective was to analyze the association between the history of ARI and LBW with the incidence of stunting in under-five children. This study was a meta-analysis. Literature searching was conducted in reputed and accredited journals in PubMed and Google Scholar, published between 2016-2020, analytic observational study design, contained OR/PR/RR with 95% confidence interval, written in English or Indonesian, and available in full-text. The meta-analysis was conducted with RevMan 5.4 application. We included 14 studies. Results showed there was a significant association between history of ARI and the incidence of stunting in under-five children, with pooled OR = 2.48 (95%CI = 1.82-3.40, p &lt; 0.00001, I2 = 0%, p for heterogeneity = 0.66). This study showed there was a significant association between LBW and incidence of stunting, with pooled OR = 2.15 (95% CI = 1.58-2.93, p &lt; 0.00001, I2 = 61%, p for heterogeneity = 0.005). The conclusions were there were significant associations between the history of ARI and LBW with the incidence of stunting in under-five children.

HUBUNGAN TRADISI PENGHANGATAN ARANG DAN KONDISI FISIK RUMAH DENGAN KEJADIAN ISPA PADA IBU NIFAS DI DESA BERAMPU KECAMATAN BERAMPU KABUPATEN DAIRI TAHUN 2020

Charcoal warming tradition is believed to help the recovery process in postpartum mothers. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between charcoal warming traditions and physical conditions of the house with the incidence of acute respiratory infections in postpartum mothers. The method of reseaech used the analytic case control approach. The population of this research was 50 mothers who had history of acute respiratory infections in Berampu village and the control sample was 50 people. The technique of the sample of this research is probability sampling.The Statistical analysis used bivariate analysis with chi square test and multivariate analysis with logistic regression test. The results of the bivariate analysis showed a relationship between the Charcoal Warming Tradition, p value = 0.002, between maternal parity, p value = 0.043, between the physical conditions of the house, p = 0.027, and the incidence of acute respiratory infections. The results of the multivariate analysis show that there is an influence between the Charcoal Warming Tradition (Exp B: 3,626), Mother Parity (Exp B: 2,517) and the Physical Condition of the House (Exp B: 2,354) on the incidence of acute respiratory infections in post- partum mothers in Berampu Village, District, Dairi Regency in 2020 The Suggestions for researchers Furthermore, this research is used as reference material regarding acute respiratory infections in order to carry out the proper management of acute respiratory infections. or Respondents to replace the warming tradition by using blankets. For public health center Developing health promotion for postpartum education.

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children with human parainfluenza virus associated acute respiratory infection in a general hospital in Sri Lanka

BackgroundHuman parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are one of the leading cause of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in children. The prevalence and clinical presentation of HPIV infection in Sri Lankan children is not studied well, therefore the objective of this study was to identify the prevalence and clinical features of HPIV infections in children with ARI in General Hospital, Kegalle, Sri Lanka. MethodsNasopharyngeal aspirate samples (NPA) were collected from hospitalized children with ≤4 days history of ARIs and were tested for HPIV-1, HIPV-2 and HIPV-3 using Direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA). ResultsHPIV was detected in 9.4% (47/500) of the children with ARIs. Of this 5 (0.1%) children had HPIV-1 infection, 8 (1.6%) had HPIV-2 infection and 34 (6.8%) had HPIV-3 infection with a male to female ratio of 1.13: 1. Children infected with HPIV-1 and HPIV-3 had moderate bronchiolitis whereas HPIV-2, had mild bronchiolitis. Of the 34 HPIV-3 infected children, 11 had co-infection with human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and 2 had co-infection with influenza A and B, respectively. Two children had co-infection with HPIV-1 and HPIV-2. HPIV-3 circulated throughout the year, however, HPIV-2 circulated only in February and March 2017 in the study area during the study. ConclusionHPIV infections led to a wide range of symptoms in children and are prevalent throughout the year in the study area. HPIV-3 was the most prevalent HPIV type in the study sample and were associated with mild to moderate ARI in children less than 5 years of age.

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the general population of Oman: results from four successive nationwide sero-epidemiological surveys

ObjectiveTo assess the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Oman and longitudinal changes in antibody levels over time within the first 11 months of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.MethodsThis nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted as a four-cycle serosurvey using a multi-stage stratified sampling method from July to November 2020. A questionnaire was used and included demographics, history of acute respiratory infection and list of symptoms, COVID-19 contact, previous diagnosis or admission, travel history and risk factors.ResultsIn total, 17,457 participants were surveyed. Thirty percent were female and 66.3% were Omani. There was a significant increase in seroprevalence throughout the study cycles, from 5.5% (4.8–6.2%) in Cycle 1 to 22% (19.6–24.6%) in Cycle 4. There was no difference in seroprevalence between genders, but significant differences were found between age groups. There was a transition of seroprevalence from being higher in non-Omanis than Omanis in Cycle 1 [9.1% (7.6–10.9%) vs 3.2% (2.6–3.9%)] to being higher in Omanis than non-Omanis in Cycle 4 [24.3% (21.0–27.9%) vs 16.8% (14.9–18.9%)]. There was remarkable variation in the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 according to governorate. Close contacts of people with COVID-19 had a 96% higher risk of having the disease [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.96, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.64–2.34]. Labourers had 58% higher risk of infection compared with office workers (AOR 1.58, 95% CI 1.04–2.35).ConclusionThis study showed a wide variation in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 across governorates in Oman, with higher estimated seroprevalence in migrants in the first two cycles. Prevalence estimates remain low and are insufficient to provide herd immunity.

Lung sound analysis in infants with risk factors for asthma development.

Background and objectivesUsing a lung sound analysis, the prognosis of asthma was investigated in infants with risk factors for asthma development by a long‐term observation.MethodsA total of 268 infants were included (median age: 8 months old). The lung sound parameters (the ratio of the third and fourth area to the total area under the curve [A3/AT and B4/AT], and the ratio of power and frequency at 50% and 75% of the highest frequency [RPF50 and RPF75]) were evaluated at the first visit. At 3 years old, using a questionnaire, we examined the relationship between the lung sound parameters and risk factors of asthma development.ResultsAmong the 268 infants, 175 infants were in good health and 93 had a history of acute respiratory infection (ARI) within 7 days at the first visit. Among the 3‐ to 12‐month‐old infants with an ARI, the A3/AT, B4/AT values in those with a history of asthma/asthmatic bronchitis, atopic dermatitis, and atopy were smaller than in the infants without such histories. Among the 13‐ to 24‐month‐old infants with an ARI, the A3/AT and B4/AT values in those with a wheezing history were larger than in the infants without such a history.ConclusionsThe characteristics of the lung sounds in infants with risk factors for asthma development were demonstrated over long‐term follow‐up. Lung sound analyses may be useful for assessing the airway condition of infants.

Pneumonia remains a leading public health problem among under-five children in peri-urban areas of north-eastern Ethiopia.

Pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years of age in developing countries, including Ethiopia. However, data on this serious illness among highly susceptible and vulnerable children living in local peri-urban areas are limited. Establishing the prevalence of pneumonia and identifying the associated factors are important for proper planning and intervention. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 560 systematically selected children under the age of five years in peri-urban areas of Dessie City from January through March 2019. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire, physical examination of children and direct observation of housing conditions. Pneumonia was examined using World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines as the presence of the symptoms of fast breathing or indrawn chest with or without fast breathing during the two weeks prior to the study. A principal component analysis was used to construct a household wealth index. Data were analyzed using a binary logistic regression model at 95%CI (confidence interval). The analysis involved estimating the crude odds ratio (COR) using bivariate analysis, and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) using multivariable analysis. From the multivariable analysis, variables at p-value of less than 0.05 were declared statistically significant. The prevalence of pneumonia among children under five was 17.1% (95%CI: 13.9%-19.9%). Of the participating children, 113 (21.0%) had a cough, 92 (17.1%) had fast breathing, 76 (14.1%) had fever, and 40 (7.4%) of the children had chest indrawn. Domestic fuel was the most common source of cooking fuel 383 (71.1%). Majority 445 (82.6%) of children were fully vaccinated and 94 (17.4%) were not fully vaccinated. Most (481, 89.2%) of the children were got exclusive breastfeeding. Slightly more than half (284, 52.7%) of the under-five children had acute malnutrition and 27.1% of the children had a childhood history of ARI. The multivariable analysis showed using domestic fuel as the energy source for cooking (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.95, 95%CI: 1.47-10.62), cooking in the living room (AOR = 6.23; 95%CI: 1.80-21.68), overcrowding (AOR = 3.37, 95%CI: 1.56-7.27), child history of acute respiratory infection (ARI) (AOR = 6.12 95%CI: 2.77-13.53), family history of ARI (AOR = 4.69, 95%CI: 1.67-13.12) and acute malnutrition (AOR = 2.43, 95%CI: 1.18-5.04) were significantly associated with childhood pneumonia. In this study, pneumonia remains a leading public health problem among under five children in the study area and higher than national averages. Domestic fuel as the energy source for cooking, cooking in the living room, overcrowding, child history of ARI, family history of ARI and acute malnutrition were predictors of pneumonia. Community-based interventions focusing on improving housing conditions, reduced use of domestic biofuels, adequate and balanced food intake, including exclusive breastfeeding of infants, and early treatment of ARIs.

HUBUNGAN RIWAYAT PENYAKIT ISPA DAN DIARE DENGAN STATUS GIZI PADA ANAK USIA 1 – 5 TAHUN

Background. Malnutrition in children can affect growth and development. Infectious diseases are also associated with malnutrition, including diarrhea and Acute Respiratory Infections where this condition still occurs in Posyandu Kusuma, Palur Village.The Aim of the Study. To find the relationship between the history of acute respiratory infections and diarrhea with the nutritional status of children. Subject and Method. Subject were 47 of children 1-5 years old in Posyandu Kusuma at Palur Village. This research was observational analytic and correlation design with cross sectional method. Sampling by accidental sampling. The data obtained were analyzed using the Chi Square test.Result. The children with a history of diarrhea were  8 (17%), 39 with no history of diarrhea (83%), 16 with history of acute respiratory infections (34%), 31 with no history of acute respiratory infections (66%). The Childrens with good nutritional status were 34 (72.3%), 13 underweight nutritional status (27.7%). The results showed that the relationship of diarrhea history obtained p = 0.001 and a history of Acute Respiratory Infections obtained p = 0.693 to nutritional status.Conclusion. History of diarrhea has a significant relationship with the nutritional status of children (p=0.001) and a history of acute respiratory infections has no relationship with the nutritional status of children (p=0.693).Keywords : diarrhea, history of acute respiratory infections, nutritional status.Korespondensi: Ratna Indriati. AKPER PANTI KOSALA SURAKARTA. Jalan Raya Solo-Baki Km. 4 Gedangan, Grogol, Sukoharjo, Jawa Tengah. Email: ratna24173@gmail.com. 

AN OVERVIEW OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION CASES BEFORE AND AFTER EXPOSURE TO VOLCANIC ASH

Background: Volcanic ash due to volcanic eruptions has an impact on health. Volcanic ash can cause health problems such as irritation and acute respiratory infections (ARI). Purpose: This study aims to know the outlook of ARI cases before and after exposure to volcanic ash. Methods: This research is a descriptive observational study with a cross-sectional approach that used secondary data from Kepohbaru Health Centre. The population of this study was ARI patients in Kepohbaru Health Centre in February 2013 and February 2014. The sampling technique used is total sampling. The analysis used is univariate analysis. Results: The results of this study indicate that before exposure to volcanic ash, the majority of ARI cases were males (52.01%), age group 5–11 years (16.3%), and with no history of ARI (67, 85%). The majority of ARI patients after exposure to volcanic ash were female (53.67%), age group 5–11 years (15.5%), and with no history of ARI (58.37%). More cases of ARI occurred after rather than before exposure to volcanic ash. Conclusion: Before and after exposure, the most common cases of ARI were suffered by respondents in the age group 5–11 years who had no history of respiratory disease. The number of cases of ARI was higher after exposure to volcanic ash. ARI cases happened more on males before exposure, whereas after exposure, it happened more on females.